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TYPE 2 DIABETES SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

Diabetes
Ingredients
Food Addiction
Nutrition
Exercise

DIABETES

Diabetes & Lifestyle:

Lifestyle Changes Can Keep Diabetes at Bay for 14 years
- Steven Reinbert. HealthDay News, US News and World Report. May 23, 2008.

Vitamins and Minerals:

Physicians and nurses use and recommend dietary supplements: report of a survey.
- Annette Dickinson, Nicolas Boyon, Andrew Shao. Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:29, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-29

Diabetes & Cancer:

Risks of Malignancies in Patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus: results of a population-based trial with 10-year follow-up.
- Schiel et al. Eur J Med Res. 2005 Aug 17;10(8):339-44.

Diabetes, insulin, and risk of cancer.
- Schiel R et al. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;28(3):169-75.

Cancer Incidence in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Sweden.
- Zendehdel et al. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 Dec. 3, Vol. 95, No. 23, 1797-1800.

Increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in Type II diabetes: insulin resistance of the brain or insulin-induced amyloid pathology?
- Biessels GJ, Kappelle LJ; Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy Study Group, Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Nov; 33(Pt 5):1041-4, PMID: 16246041

Does insulin dysfunction play a role in Alzheimer's disease?
- Gasparini L, Netzer WJ, Greengard P, Xu H. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002 Jun; 23(6):288-93, PMID: 12084635

Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease.
- Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Neurology. 2004 Oct 12;63(7):1187-92, PMID: 15477536

Diabetes & Amputation:

Microscope.

Increased prevalence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetics with the metabolic syndrome.
- Abdul-Ghani M, Nawaf G, Nawaf F, Itzhak B, Minuchin O, Vardi P Isr Med Assoc J. 2006 Jun;8(6):378-82, PMID 16833164

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
- Vinik, AI. Diabetes Care. 2003 May;26(5):1553-79

Prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus.
- Maji, D. J Indian Med Assoc. 2004 Aug;102(8):426, 428, 430 passim. PMID: 15719805

Neural redox stress and remodeling in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and diabetic neuropathy.
- Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Med Sci Monit. 2004 Dec; 10(2):RA291-307

Diabetes & Other Conditions:

Hypothesis: the 'metabolic memory', the new challenge of diabetes.
- Ihnat MA, Thorpe JE, Ceriello A. Diabet Med. 2007 Jun, 24 (6):582-6. Epub 2007 May 8.

Hyperinsulinemia enhances transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB induced by angiotensin II, hyperglycemia, and advanced glycosylation end products in vascular smooth muscle cells.
- Golovchenko I, Goalstone ML, Watson P, Brownlee M, Draznin B. Circ Res. 2000 Oct 27;87(9):746-52, PMID: 11055977.

Research Syllabus.
- GOALSTONE, Marc Lee, PhD, http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/deptmed/ResearchSyllabus/goalstone.htm

Insulin potentiates platelet-derived growth factor action in vascular smooth muscle cells.
- Goalstone ML, Natarajan R, Standley PR, Walsh MF, Leitner JW, Carel K, Scott S, Nadler J, Sowers JR, Draznin B. Endocrinology. 1998 Oct;139(10):4067-72, PMID: 9751484.

Effects of insulin on prenylation as a mechanism of potentially detrimental influence of hyperinsulinemia.
- Draznin B, Miles P, Kruszynska Y, Olefsky J, Friedman J, Golovchenko I, Stjernholm R, Wall K, Reitman M, Accili D, Cooksey R, McClain D, Goalstone M. Endocrinology. 2000 Apr;141(4):1310-6.

Hyperinsulinemia and cardiovascular risk.
- Brunelli, C, Spallarossa P, Cordera R, Caponnetto S. Cardiologia. 1994 Dec;39(12 Suppl 1):163-8, PMID: 7634261.

Insulin and atheroma: a 20-year perspective.
- Stout RW. Diabetes Care. 1990 Jun;13(6):631-54.

Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs.
- Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2000; 160(21): 3278-85.

Hyperglycemia, lipoprotein glycation, and vascular disease.
- A. Veiraiah. Angiology. 2005 Jul-Aug; 56(4): 431-8.

The impact of history of hypertension and Type 2 diabetes at baseline on the incidence of stroke and stroke mortality.
- Hu G, Sarti C, Jousilahti P, Peltonen M, Qiao Q, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J. Stroke 36:2538

2543, 2005, PMID: 16282538.

Hypoglycemia in diabetes: pathophysiological mechanisms and diurnal variation.
- Cryer, PE. Prog Brain Res. 2006;153:361-5, PMID: 16876586.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies.
- Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE., Treat Endocrinol.2003;2(2):95-108

Insulin resistance, the insulin syndrome, and cardiovascular disease.
- Reaven GM. Panminerva Med. 2005 Dec;47(4):201-10, PMID: 16489319

Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian morphology in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Codner E, Soto N, Lopez P, Trejo L, Avila A, Eyzaguirre FC, Iniquez G, Cassorla F., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2250-6. Epub 2006 Mar 28, PMID: 16569737

Type 2 Diabetes and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
- Diabetes Center

Management of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
- Kottmann W, Ahmad N, Bachmann U Ther Umsch. 2005 Sep;62(9):583-9, PMID: 16218491.

INGREDIENTS

Gymnema sylvestre

Blood Sugar Control:

Pouring the contents of a test tube into a beaker.

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300.
Enzyme changes and glucose utilization in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br.
- Shanmugasundaram KR, Panneerselvam C, Samudram P, Shanmugasundaram
  ER J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Mar;7(2):205-34.
Gymnema sylvestre
- Altern Med Rev. 1999 Feb;4(1):46-7.
Possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract, part I.
- Chattopadhyay RR.
  Gen Pharmacol. 1998 Sep;31(3):495-6.
Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential.
- Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):81-100
A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin.
- Chattopadhyay RR.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Nov 30;67(3):367-72.

Hypoglycemic Actions:

Hypoglycaemic activity of an indigenous drug (Gymnema sylvestre, 'Gurmar') in normal and diabetic persons.
- Khare AK, Tondon RN, Tewari JP.
  Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1983 Jul-Sep;27(3):257-8.
Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300
Antihyperglycemic effects of gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic mice.
- Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yoshikawa M, Kimura I.
  J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2000;2(4):321-7.

Enhances Insulin Action:

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300
Antihyperglycemic effects of gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic mice.
- Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yoshikawa M, Kimura I.
  J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2000;2(4):321-7

Anti-Diabetic Action:

Enzyme changes and glucose utilization in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br.
- Shanmugasundaram KR, Panneerselvam C, Samudram P, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Mar;7(2):205-34
Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300.

Decreases HbA1c:

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300

Beta-Cell regeneration/repair:

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)

Blood sugar lowering:

Doctor working on a laptop.

Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6.
Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts.
- Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, Bailey CJ.
  Planta Med. 1990 Oct;56(5):426-9.
Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- P. Chaturvedi , S. George , M. Milinganyo , Y. B. Tripathi
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6
Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia (karela) fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
- Ahmed I, Lakhani MS, Gillett M, John A, Raza H.
  Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Mar;51(3):155-61.
Combined treatment of sodium orthovanadate and Momordica charantia fruit extract prevents alterations in lipid profile and lipogenic enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Yadav UC, Moorthy K, Baquer NZ.
  Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan;268(1-2):111-20.
What do herbalists suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and potential risks.
- Cicero AF, Derosa G, Gaddi A.
  Acta Diabetol. 2004 Sep;41(3):91-8. Review.
Antidiabetic herbal drugs officially approved in China.
- Jia W, Gao W, Tang L.
  Phytother Res. 2003 Dec;17(10):1127-34. Review.
Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia.
- Virdi J, Sivakami S, Shahani S, Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Sep;88(1):107-11.
Antihyperglycemic activity of Momordica cymbalaria in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Nov;78(1):67-71.

Anti-Diabetic:

Antidiabetic herbal drugs officially approved in China.
- Jia W, Gao W, Tang L.
  Phytother Res. 2003 Dec;17(10):1127-34. Review.
Antihyperglycemic activity of Momordica cymbalaria in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Nov;78(1):67-71.
Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Fitoterapia. 2003 Feb;74(1-2):7-13.
Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Momordica cymbalaria Hook. fruit powder in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Appa Rao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Oct;67(1):103-9.

Improved Glucose Tolerance:

Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6.
Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts.
- Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, Bailey CJ.
  Planta Med. 1990 Oct;56(5):426-9.

Lipid Lowering Actions:

Researcher stirring the contents within a beaker.

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Momordica cymbalaria Hook. fruit powder in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Appa Rao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Oct;67(1):103-9.
Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Fitoterapia. 2003 Feb;74(1-2):7-13.
Combined treatment of sodium orthovanadate and Momordica charantia fruit extract prevents alterations in lipid profile and lipogenic enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Yadav UC, Moorthy K, Baquer NZ.
  Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan;268(1-2):111-20.
Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia (karela) fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
- Ahmed I, Lakhani MS, Gillett M, John A, Raza H.
  Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Mar;51(3):155-61.
Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6.

Decreased Post Prandial Glucose:

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Momordica cymbalaria Hook. fruit powder in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Appa Rao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Oct;67(1):103-9.

Decreased Fat Tissue Accumulation:

Reduced adiposity in bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fed rats is associated with lower tissue triglyceride and higher plasma catecholamines.
- Chen Q, Li ET.
  Br J Nutr. 2005 May;93(5):747-54.
Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6
Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Fitoterapia. 2003 Feb;74(1-2):7-13.
Role of Momordica charantia in maintaining the normal levels of lipids and glucose in diabetic rats fed a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet.
- Chaturvedi P.
  Br J Biomed Sci. 2005;62(3):124-6.
Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia (karela) fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
- Ahmed I, Lakhani MS, Gillett M, John A, Raza H.
  Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Mar;51(3):155-61.

Vanadium:

Close-up view of a beaker.

Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity and appetite.
- Wang J, Yuen VG, McNeill JH.
  Metabolism. 2001 Jun;50(6):667-73.
Effect of vanadium(IV) compounds in the treatment of diabetes: in vivo and in vitro studies with vanadyl sulfate and bis(maltolato)oxovandium(IV).
- Willsky GR, Goldfine AB, Kostyniak PJ, McNeill JH, Yang LQ, Khan HR, Crans DC.
  J Inorg Biochem. 2001 May;85(1):33-42.
Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
- Cusi K, Cukier S, DeFronzo RA, Torres M, Puchulu FM, Redondo JC.
  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1410-7.
Effect of long-term treatment with vanadate in drinking water on KK mice with genetic non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
- Ding W, Hasegawa T, Hosaka H, Peng D, Takahashi K, Seko Y.
  Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 May;80(2):159-74.
Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies.
- Goldfine AB, Patti ME, Zuberi L, Goldstein BJ, LeBlanc R, Landaker EJ, Jiang ZY, Willsky GR, Kahn CR.
  Metabolism. 2000 Mar;49(3):400-10.
Vanadium and diabetes.
- Poucheret P, Verma S, Grynpas MD, McNeill JH.
  Mol Cell Biochem. 1998

Chromium:

Overproduction of insulin in the chromium-deficient rat.
- Striffler JS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA.
  Metabolism. 1999 Aug;48(8):1063-8.
Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes.
- Anderson RA.
  Diabetes Metab. 2000 Feb;26(1):22-7.
Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans.
- Anderson RA., Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans.
  Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;26(1 Pt 2):S35-41.
- Mertz W., Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J Nutr. 1993 Apr;123(4):626-33.

Magnesium:

Magnesium in diabetes mellitus.
- de Valk HW.
  Neth J Med. 1999 Apr;54(4):139-46.
Low dietary magnesium is associated with Insulin Resistance in a sample of young, nondiabetic Black Americans.
- Humphries S, Kushner H, Falkner B.
  Am J Hypertens. 1999 Aug;12(8 Pt 1):747-56.
Effects of insulin on plasma magnesium in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for Insulin Resistance.
- Alzaid AA, Dinneen SF, Moyer TP, Rizza RA.
  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Apr;80(4):1376-81.

Alpha lipoic acid:

Alph Lipoic acid acutely induces hypoglycemia in fasting nondiabetic and diabetic rats.
- Khamaisi M, Rudich A, Potashnik R, Tritschler HJ, Gutman A, Bashan N.
  Metabolism.1999 Apr;48(4):504-10.
Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
- Yaworsky K, Somwar R, Ramlal T, Tritschler HJ, Klip A.
  Diabetologia.2000 Mar;43(3):294-303.
Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials.
- Ziegler D, Reljanovic M, Mehnert H, Gries FA.
  ExpClin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1999;107(7):421-30.
Alpha-lipoic acid: effect on glucose uptake, sorbitol pathway, and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy.
- Kishi Y, Schmelzer JD, Yao JK, Zollman PJ, Nickander KK, Tritschler HJ, LowPA.
  Diabetes.1999 Oct;48(10):2045-51.
Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Evans JL, Goldfine ID.
  Diabetes Techno There. 2000Autumn;2(3):401-13.

Biotin:

cGMP may have trophic effects on beta cell function comparable to those of cAMP, implying a role for high-dose biotin in prevention/treatment of Diabetes.
- McCarty MF.
  Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(2):323-8. Epub 2005 Nov 23.
High-dose biotin, an inducer of glucokinase expression, may synergize with chromium picolinate to enable a definitive nutritional therapy for type II diabetes.
- McCarty MF.
  Med Hypotheses. 1999 May;52(5):401-6.

Garlic (Allium sativum):

The analysis of onion and garlic.
- Lanzotti V.
  J Chromatogr A. 2006 Apr 21;1112(1-2):3-22. Epub 2006 Jan 18
Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.).
- Augusti, KT.
  Indian J Exp Biol. 1996 Jul;34(7):634-40.
Antiglycation properties of aged garlic extract: possible role in prevention of diabetic complications.
- Ahmad MS, Ahmed N.
  J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):796S-799S. PMID: 16484566

Cardiovascular benefits:

Researcher sitting in front of a laptop, holding a pen and thinking.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease.
- Kendler BS.
  Prev Med. 1987 Sep;16(5):670-85
Aged garlic extract retards progression of coronary artery calcification.
- Budoff M.
  J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):741S-744S
Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review.
- Banerjee SK, Maulik SK.
  Nutr J. 2002 Nov 19;1:4.
Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance.
- Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M.
  Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000 Feb;62(2):55-73.
Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Ashraf R, Aamir K, Shaikh AR, Ahmed T.
  J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2005 Jul-Sep;17(3):60-4.

Cinnamon:

Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.
- Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA.
  Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3215-8.
Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA, serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2.
- Mang. B.
  Eur J Clin Invest 2006 May;36(5):340-4.
Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamon cassia and Cinnamon zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro.
- Bauer K, Neddermann, E.
  Phytother Res. 2005 Mar;19(3):203-6
Nutraceutical resources for diabetes prevention--an update.
- McCarty MF.
  Med Hypotheses, 2005 64 (1): 151-8.
Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.
- Khan, A, Safdar, M., Ali Khan, MM, Anderson RA.
  Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3215-8.
Antioxidant activity of Cinnamon cassia.
- Lin CC, Wu SJ, Chang CH, Ng LT
  Phytother Res. 2003 Aug;17(7):726-30
Cinnamon extract prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet.
- Qin B, Nagasaki M, Ren M, Bajotto G, Oshida Y, Sato Y.
  Horm Metab Res. 2004 Feb;36(2):119-25. PMID: 15002064

Zinc:

The pharmacology of the insulinomimetic effect of zinc complexes.
- Sakurai H, Adachi Y.
  Biometals. 2005 Aug;18(4):319-23.
Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes.
- Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS.
  Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1277-94.

Carnitine

Acetyl-L-Carnitine improves symptoms of diabetic neuropathy in Diabetics:

Test tubes in a rack.

L-acetylcarnitine as a new therapeutic approach for peripheral neuropathies with pain.
- Onofrj M, Fulgente T, Melchionda D, Marchionni A, Tomasello F, Salpietro FM, Alafaci C, De Sanctis E, Pennisi G, Bella R, et al.
  Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1995;15(1):9-15.
Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
- De Grandis D, Minardi C.
  Drugs R D. 2002;3(4):223-31.
Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials.
- Sima AA, Calvani M, Mehra M, Amato A; Acetyl-L-Carnitine Study Group.
  Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28(1):89-94.
Primary preventive and secondary interventionary effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on diabetic neuropathy in the bio-breeding Worcester rat.
- Sima AA, Ristic H, Merry A, Kamijo M, Lattimer SA, Stevens MJ, Greene DA.
  J Clin Invest. 1996 Apr 15;97(8):1900-7.

Manganese:

Nutritional aspects of manganese from experimental studies.
- Keen CL, Ensunsa JL, Watson MH, Baly DL, Donovan SM, Monaco MH, Clegg MS.
  Neurotoxicology. 1999 Apr-Jun;20(2-3):213-23.
Effect of manganese deficiency on insulin binding, glucose transport and metabolism in rat adipocytes.
- Baly DL, Schneiderman JS, Garcia-Welsh AL.
  J Nutr. 1990 Sep;120(9):1075-9.

VasoDileX
L-Arginine

Reduces Hypertension:

Blood pressure and metabolic changes during dietary L-arginine supplementation in humans.
- Siani A, Pagano E, Iacone R, Iacoviello L, Scopacasa F, Strazzullo P.
  Am J Hypertens. 2000 May;13(5 Pt 1):547-51.
L-Arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature is not altered in hypertensive patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
- Christian Delles, MD, Markus P. Schneider, MD, Sebastian Oehmer, MD, Erwin H. Fleischmann, MD and Roland E. Schmieder, MD
  Diabetes Care 26:1836-1840, 2003
Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Oral L-arginine improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension.
- Lekakis JP, Papathanassiou S, Papaioannou TG, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos N, Kotsis V, Dagre AG, Stamatelopoulos K, Protogerou A, Stamatelopoulos SF.
  Int J Cardiol. 2002 Dec;86(2-3):317-23
Increased endothelium--monocyte interactions in salt-sensitive hypertension: effect of L-arginine.
- Artigues C, Richard V, Roussel C, Lallemand F, Henry JP, Thuillez C.
  J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;35(3):468-73.
l-Arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis: An alternative treatment for premature atherosclerosis?
- Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C.
  Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 20;
L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans.
- Creager MA, Gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, Coleman SM, Dzau VJ, Cooke JP.
  J Clin Invest. 1992 Oct;90(4):1248-53.

Improves Nitric Oxide in endothelium:

Mechanisms of dysfunction of the nitric oxide pathway in vascular diseases.
- Maxwell AJ.
  Nitric Oxide. 2002 Mar;6(2):101-24. Review.
Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Oral L-arginine and vitamins E and C improve endothelial function in women with type 2 diabetes.
- Regensteiner JG, Popylisen S, Bauer TA, Lindenfeld J, Gill E, Smith S, Oliver-Pickett CK, Reusch JE, Weil JV.
  Vasc Med. 2003;8(3):169-75.
L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans.
- Creager MA, Gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, Coleman SM, Dzau VJ, Cooke JP.
  J Clin Invest. 1992 Oct;90(4):1248-53.
Oral L-arginine improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension.
- Lekakis JP, Papathanassiou S, Papaioannou TG, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos N, Kotsis V, Dagre AG, Stamatelopoulos K, Protogerou A, Stamatelopoulos SF.
  36-36 Int J Cardiol. 2002 Dec;86(2-3):317-23
l-Arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis: An alternative treatment for premature atherosclerosis?
- Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C.
  Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 20;

Lowers homocysteine:

Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is reversed by a nutritional product designed to enhance nitric oxide activity.
- Maxwell AJ, Anderson B, Zapien MP, Cooke JP.
  Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2000 Jun;14(3):309-16.
Acute hyperhomocysteinemia decreases NO bioavailability in healthy adults.
- Boger RH.
  Atherosclerosis. 2005 Apr;179(2):419-20.
Oral L-arginine and vitamins E and C improve endothelial function in women with type 2 diabetes.
- Regensteiner JG, Popylisen S, Bauer TA, Lindenfeld J, Gill E, Smith S, Oliver-Pickett CK, Reusch JE, Weil JV.
  Vasc Med. 2003;8(3):169-75.

Improves Erectile dysfunction/ vaginal engorgement:

Effect of large doses of the nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine, on erectile dysfunction.
- Zorgniotti AW, Lizza EF.
  Int J Impot Res. 1994 Mar;6(1):33-5; discussion 36.
L-Arginine improves vascular function by overcoming deleterious effects of ADMA, a novel cardiovascular risk factor.
- Boger RH, Ron ES.
  Altern Med Rev. 2005 Mar;10(1):14-23. Review.
Acute hyperhomocysteinemia decreases NO bioavailability in healthy adults.
- Boger RH.
  Atherosclerosis. 2005 Apr;179(2):419-20.
The pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction related to endothelial dysfunction and mediators of vascular function.
- Maas R, Schwedhelm E, Albsmeier J, Boger RH.
  Vasc Med. 2002 Aug;7(3):213-25. Review.
Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Oral L-arginine improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension.
- Lekakis JP, Papathanassiou S, Papaioannou TG, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos N, Kotsis V, Dagre AG, Stamatelopoulos K, Protogerou A, Stamatelopoulos SF.
  Int J Cardiol. 2002 Dec;86(2-3):317-23.
Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improves the symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
- Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Thiele W, Creutzig A, Alexander K, Frolich JC.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Nov;32(5):1336-44.

FOOD ADDICTION

New Food-Addiction Link Found
- Nora Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang.
  J Brookhaven National Laboratory, May 20, 2002.

DIABETES & NUTRITION

A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity.
- Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams T, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Stern L. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2074-81.

Comparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight women.
- Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, DiPasquale C, Roti M, Pumerantz A, Kraemer WJ. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Apr;23(2):177-84.

Very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight men.
- Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. J Nutr. 2004 Apr;134(4):880-5

What do herbalists suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and potential risks.
- Cicero AF, Derosa G, Gaddi A. Acta Diabetol. 2004 Sep;41(3):91-8.

A low-carbohydrate diet may prevent end-stage renal failure in type 2 diabetes. A case report.
- Jorgen Vesti Nielsen, Per Westerlund, Per Bygren Nutrition & Metabolism 2006, 3:23

Low-carbohydrate diet and oxidative stress in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.
- Kamuren ZT, Sanders R, Watkins JB 3rd. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(5):259-69.

A low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes: clinical experience-a brief report.
- Nielson JV, Jonsson E, Ivarrson A. Ups J Med Sci. 2005;110(3):267-73.

Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycaemic control during 22 months follow-up.
- Nielsen JV, Joensson EA. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jun 14;3(1):22 [Epub ahead of print]

The metabolic response to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. Metabolism. 2006 Feb;55(2):243-51.

Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.
- Rizkalla SW, Taghrid L, Laromiguiere M, Huet D, Boillot J, Rigoir A, Elgrably F, Slama G. Diabetes Care. 2004 Aug;27(8):1866-72

Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):403-11. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):I44.

Comparison of effects of high and low carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in patients with mild NIDDM.
- Garg A, Grundy SM, Unger RH. Diabetes. 1992 Oct;41(10):1278-85.

Effect of carbohydrate restriction on lipoprotein abnormalities in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.
- Thomson JE, Scobie IN, Ballantyne F, Smith A, Manderson WG, MacCuish AC. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1980 Jan-Mar;17(1):33-9.

Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee.
- American Heart Association Nutrition Committee Circulation. 2006 Jul 4;114(1):82-96. Epub 2006 Jun 19.

Nutritional aspects of hypertension.
- Paillard F. Presse Med. 2006 Jun;35(6 Pt 2):1077-80, PMID: 16783276.

Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
- Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Cook JV, Williams B, Ford GA. J Hypertens. 2006 Feb;24(2):215-33, PMID: 16508562.

Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. Nutritional determinants of insulin resistance.
- McKauley K, Mann J. J Lipid Res. 2006 Aug;47(8):1668-76. Epub 2006 May 23, PMID: 16720893.

Fast food, central nervous system insulin resistance, and obesity.
- sganaitis E, Lustig RH., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Dec;25(12):2451-62. Epub 2005 Sep 15, PMID: 16166564.

DIABETES & EXERCISE

Exercise therapy for the aged diabetics.
- Oshida Y, Ishiguro T. Nippon Rinsho. 2006 Jan;64(1):81-6.

Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity.
- Goodyear LJ, Kahn BB. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:235-61.

Regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle.
- Barnard RJ, Youngren JF. FASEB J. 1992 Nov;6(14):3238-44.

Accuracy of physical working capacity 170 to estimate aerobic fitness in prepubertal diabetic boys and in 2 insulin dose conditions.
- Heyman E, Briard D, Dekerdanet M, Gratas-Delamarche A, Delamarche P J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006 Jun;46(2):315-21.

Exercise training improves baroreflex sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
- Loimaala A, Huikuri HV, Koobi T, Rinne M, Nenonen A, Vuori I. Diabetes. 2003 Jul;52(7):1837-42.

Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Boule NG, Kenny GP, Haddad E, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Diabetologia. 2003 Aug;46(8):1071-81. Epub 2003 Jul 10.

Effect of a 4 week physical training program on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance.
- Oberbach A, Tonjes A, Kloting N, Fasshauer M, Kratzsch J, Busse MW, Paschke R, Stumvoll M, Bluher M. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Apr;154(4):577-85.

A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes.
- Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, Gordon PL, Walsmith J, Foldvari M, Roubenoff R, Tucker KL, Nelson ME. Diabetes Care. 2002 Dec;25(12):2335-41.

Impact of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in IDDM.
- Lehmann R, Kaplan V, Bingisser R, Bloch KE, Spinas GA. Diabetes Care. 1997 Oct;20(10):1603-11.

High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1729-36.

Effects of regular walking on cardiovascular risk factors and body composition in normoglycemic women and women with type 2 diabetes.
- Walker KZ, Piers LS, Putt RS, Jones JA, O'Dea K. Diabetes Care. 1999 Apr;22(4):555-61.

Loss of abdominal fat and improvement of the cardiovascular risk profile by regular moderate exercise training in patients with NIDDM.
- Lehmann R, Vokac A, Niedermann K, Agosti K, Spinas GA. Diabetologia. 1995 Nov;38(11):1313-9.

The Healing Handbook for Persons with Diabetes
- Ruth E. Lundstrom, R.N. and Aldo A. Rossini, M.D. Copyright 1995-1997

Understanding Diabetes
- H. Peter Chase, M.D. McKesson Provider Technologies Copyright 2005

The effect of physical exercise on the dynamics of glucose and insulin.
- Derouich M, Boutayeb A. J Biomech. 2002 Jul;35(7):911-7.

Exercise in the Management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- Wallberg-Henriksson H, Rincon J, Zierath JR. Sports Med. 1998 Jan;25(1):25-35.

The effects of changes in physical activity on major cardiovascular risk factors, hemodynamics, sympathetic function, and glucose utilization in man: a controlled study of 4 levels of activity.
- Jennings G, Nelson L, Nestel P, Esler M, Korner P, Burton D, Bazelmans J Circulation. 1986 Jan;73(1):30-40.

Physical activity in prevention and management of obesity and type-2 diabetes.
- Hill JO, Stuht J, Wyatt HR, Regensteiner JG. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2006:11:183-96.

Physical activity in individuals at risk for diabetes: Diabetes Prevention Program.
- Kriska AM, Edelstein SL, Hamman RF, Otto A, Bray GA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wing RR, Horton ES, Haffner SM, Regensteiner JG. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 May;38(5):826-32.

Achieving weight and activity goals among diabetes prevention program lifestyle participants.
- Wing RR, Hamman RF, Bray GA, Delahanty L, Edelstein SL, Hill JO, Horton ES, Hoskin MA, Kriska A, Lachin J, Mayer-Davis EJ, Pi-Sunyer X, Regensteiner JG, Venditti B, Wylie-Rosett J; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Obes Res. 2004 Sep;12(9):1426-34.

Exercise rehabilitation for the patient with intermittent claudication: a highly effective yet underutilized treatment.
- Regensteiner JG. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord. 2004 Sep;4(3):233-9. Review.

Twelve Agencies Cooperate to Reduce Amputations in Diabetes.
- United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Important Note: We advise that you consult your doctor before starting the Insulite Diabetes Advanced Management System.

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"I have been using the Insulite System for about 6 months. I have noticed that my eating habits seem to have transitioned very naturally.... no starvation or denial, I don't crave junk food or sweets anymore!! I have been able to lose about 20 pounds, slowly, safely, and permanently. This is a "for life" program and everyone that has a weight problem should try it!!"
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	England

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	Bakersfield, CA

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"I have been using the Insulite System for about 6 months. I have noticed that my eating habits seem to have transitioned very naturally.... no starvation or denial, I don't crave junk food or sweets anymore!! I have been able to lose about 20 pounds, slowly, safely, and permanently. This is a "for life" program..."
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	Jamestown, VA

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	Boise, Idaho

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