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TYPE 2 DIABETES SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

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Diabetes
Ingredients
Food Addiction
Nutrition
Exercise

DIABETES

Diabetes & Lifestyle:

Lifestyle Changes Can Keep Diabetes at Bay for 14 years
- Steven Reinbert. HealthDay News, US News and World Report. May 23, 2008.

Vitamins and Minerals:

Physicians and nurses use and recommend dietary supplements: report of a survey.
- Annette Dickinson, Nicolas Boyon, Andrew Shao. Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:29, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-29

Diabetes & Cancer:

Risks of Malignancies in Patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus: results of a population-based trial with 10-year follow-up.
- Schiel et al. Eur J Med Res. 2005 Aug 17;10(8):339-44.

Diabetes, insulin, and risk of cancer.
- Schiel R et al. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;28(3):169-75.

Cancer Incidence in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Sweden.
- Zendehdel et al. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 Dec. 3, Vol. 95, No. 23, 1797-1800.

Increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in Type II diabetes: insulin resistance of the brain or insulin-induced amyloid pathology?
- Biessels GJ, Kappelle LJ; Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy Study Group, Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Nov; 33(Pt 5):1041-4, PMID: 16246041

Does insulin dysfunction play a role in Alzheimer's disease?
- Gasparini L, Netzer WJ, Greengard P, Xu H. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002 Jun; 23(6):288-93, PMID: 12084635

Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease.
- Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Neurology. 2004 Oct 12;63(7):1187-92, PMID: 15477536

Diabetes & Amputation:

Microscope.

Increased prevalence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetics with the metabolic syndrome.
- Abdul-Ghani M, Nawaf G, Nawaf F, Itzhak B, Minuchin O, Vardi P Isr Med Assoc J. 2006 Jun;8(6):378-82, PMID 16833164

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
- Vinik, AI. Diabetes Care. 2003 May;26(5):1553-79

Prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus.
- Maji, D. J Indian Med Assoc. 2004 Aug;102(8):426, 428, 430 passim. PMID: 15719805

Neural redox stress and remodeling in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and diabetic neuropathy.
- Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Med Sci Monit. 2004 Dec; 10(2):RA291-307

Diabetes & Other Conditions:

Hypothesis: the 'metabolic memory', the new challenge of diabetes.
- Ihnat MA, Thorpe JE, Ceriello A. Diabet Med. 2007 Jun, 24 (6):582-6. Epub 2007 May 8.

Hyperinsulinemia enhances transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB induced by angiotensin II, hyperglycemia, and advanced glycosylation end products in vascular smooth muscle cells.
- Golovchenko I, Goalstone ML, Watson P, Brownlee M, Draznin B. Circ Res. 2000 Oct 27;87(9):746-52, PMID: 11055977.

Research Syllabus.
- GOALSTONE, Marc Lee, PhD, http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/deptmed/ResearchSyllabus/goalstone.htm
Diabetes Care Journal.
- American Diabetes Association. http://care.diabetesjournals.org.

Insulin potentiates platelet-derived growth factor action in vascular smooth muscle cells.
- Goalstone ML, Natarajan R, Standley PR, Walsh MF, Leitner JW, Carel K, Scott S, Nadler J, Sowers JR, Draznin B. Endocrinology. 1998 Oct;139(10):4067-72, PMID: 9751484.

Effects of insulin on prenylation as a mechanism of potentially detrimental influence of hyperinsulinemia.
- Draznin B, Miles P, Kruszynska Y, Olefsky J, Friedman J, Golovchenko I, Stjernholm R, Wall K, Reitman M, Accili D, Cooksey R, McClain D, Goalstone M. Endocrinology. 2000 Apr;141(4):1310-6.

Hyperinsulinemia and cardiovascular risk.
- Brunelli, C, Spallarossa P, Cordera R, Caponnetto S. Cardiologia. 1994 Dec;39(12 Suppl 1):163-8, PMID: 7634261.

Insulin and atheroma: a 20-year perspective.
- Stout RW. Diabetes Care. 1990 Jun;13(6):631-54.

Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs.
- Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2000; 160(21): 3278-85.

Hyperglycemia, lipoprotein glycation, and vascular disease.
- A. Veiraiah. Angiology. 2005 Jul-Aug; 56(4): 431-8.

The impact of history of hypertension and Type 2 diabetes at baseline on the incidence of stroke and stroke mortality.
- Hu G, Sarti C, Jousilahti P, Peltonen M, Qiao Q, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J. Stroke 36:2538

2543, 2005, PMID: 16282538.

Hypoglycemia in diabetes: pathophysiological mechanisms and diurnal variation.
- Cryer, PE. Prog Brain Res. 2006;153:361-5, PMID: 16876586.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies.
- Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE., Treat Endocrinol.2003;2(2):95-108

Insulin resistance, the insulin syndrome, and cardiovascular disease.
- Reaven GM. Panminerva Med. 2005 Dec;47(4):201-10, PMID: 16489319

Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian morphology in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Codner E, Soto N, Lopez P, Trejo L, Avila A, Eyzaguirre FC, Iniquez G, Cassorla F., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2250-6. Epub 2006 Mar 28, PMID: 16569737

Type 2 Diabetes and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
- Diabetes Center

Management of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
- Kottmann W, Ahmad N, Bachmann U Ther Umsch. 2005 Sep;62(9):583-9, PMID: 16218491.

INGREDIENTS

Gymnema sylvestre

Blood Sugar Control:

Pouring the contents of a test tube into a beaker.

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300.
Enzyme changes and glucose utilization in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br.
- Shanmugasundaram KR, Panneerselvam C, Samudram P, Shanmugasundaram
  ER J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Mar;7(2):205-34.
Gymnema sylvestre
- Altern Med Rev. 1999 Feb;4(1):46-7.
Possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract, part I.
- Chattopadhyay RR.
  Gen Pharmacol. 1998 Sep;31(3):495-6.
Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential.
- Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):81-100
A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin.
- Chattopadhyay RR.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Nov 30;67(3):367-72.

Hypoglycemic Actions:

Hypoglycaemic activity of an indigenous drug (Gymnema sylvestre, 'Gurmar') in normal and diabetic persons.
- Khare AK, Tondon RN, Tewari JP.
  Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1983 Jul-Sep;27(3):257-8.
Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300
Antihyperglycemic effects of gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic mice.
- Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yoshikawa M, Kimura I.
  J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2000;2(4):321-7.

Enhances Insulin Action:

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300
Antihyperglycemic effects of gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic mice.
- Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yoshikawa M, Kimura I.
  J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2000;2(4):321-7

Anti-Diabetic Action:

Enzyme changes and glucose utilization in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br.
- Shanmugasundaram KR, Panneerselvam C, Samudram P, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Mar;7(2):205-34
Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300.

Decreases HbA1c:

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300

Beta-Cell regeneration/repair:

Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
- Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)

Blood sugar lowering:

Doctor working on a laptop.

Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6.
Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts.
- Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, Bailey CJ.
  Planta Med. 1990 Oct;56(5):426-9.
Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- P. Chaturvedi , S. George , M. Milinganyo , Y. B. Tripathi
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6
Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia (karela) fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
- Ahmed I, Lakhani MS, Gillett M, John A, Raza H.
  Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Mar;51(3):155-61.
Combined treatment of sodium orthovanadate and Momordica charantia fruit extract prevents alterations in lipid profile and lipogenic enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Yadav UC, Moorthy K, Baquer NZ.
  Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan;268(1-2):111-20.
What do herbalists suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and potential risks.
- Cicero AF, Derosa G, Gaddi A.
  Acta Diabetol. 2004 Sep;41(3):91-8. Review.
Antidiabetic herbal drugs officially approved in China.
- Jia W, Gao W, Tang L.
  Phytother Res. 2003 Dec;17(10):1127-34. Review.
Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia.
- Virdi J, Sivakami S, Shahani S, Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Sep;88(1):107-11.
Antihyperglycemic activity of Momordica cymbalaria in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Nov;78(1):67-71.

Anti-Diabetic:

Antidiabetic herbal drugs officially approved in China.
- Jia W, Gao W, Tang L.
  Phytother Res. 2003 Dec;17(10):1127-34. Review.
Antihyperglycemic activity of Momordica cymbalaria in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Nov;78(1):67-71.
Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Fitoterapia. 2003 Feb;74(1-2):7-13.
Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Momordica cymbalaria Hook. fruit powder in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Appa Rao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Oct;67(1):103-9.

Improved Glucose Tolerance:

Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6.
Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts.
- Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, Bailey CJ.
  Planta Med. 1990 Oct;56(5):426-9.

Lipid Lowering Actions:

Researcher stirring the contents within a beaker.

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Momordica cymbalaria Hook. fruit powder in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Appa Rao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Oct;67(1):103-9.
Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Fitoterapia. 2003 Feb;74(1-2):7-13.
Combined treatment of sodium orthovanadate and Momordica charantia fruit extract prevents alterations in lipid profile and lipogenic enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats.
- Yadav UC, Moorthy K, Baquer NZ.
  Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan;268(1-2):111-20.
Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia (karela) fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
- Ahmed I, Lakhani MS, Gillett M, John A, Raza H.
  Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Mar;51(3):155-61.
Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6.

Decreased Post Prandial Glucose:

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Momordica cymbalaria Hook. fruit powder in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Appa Rao C.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Oct;67(1):103-9.

Decreased Fat Tissue Accumulation:

Reduced adiposity in bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fed rats is associated with lower tissue triglyceride and higher plasma catecholamines.
- Chen Q, Li ET.
  Br J Nutr. 2005 May;93(5):747-54.
Effect of Momordica charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
- Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M, Tripathi YB.
  Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):954-6
Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats.
- Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
  Fitoterapia. 2003 Feb;74(1-2):7-13.
Role of Momordica charantia in maintaining the normal levels of lipids and glucose in diabetic rats fed a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet.
- Chaturvedi P.
  Br J Biomed Sci. 2005;62(3):124-6.
Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia (karela) fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
- Ahmed I, Lakhani MS, Gillett M, John A, Raza H.
  Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Mar;51(3):155-61.

Vanadium:

Close-up view of a beaker.

Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity and appetite.
- Wang J, Yuen VG, McNeill JH.
  Metabolism. 2001 Jun;50(6):667-73.
Effect of vanadium(IV) compounds in the treatment of diabetes: in vivo and in vitro studies with vanadyl sulfate and bis(maltolato)oxovandium(IV).
- Willsky GR, Goldfine AB, Kostyniak PJ, McNeill JH, Yang LQ, Khan HR, Crans DC.
  J Inorg Biochem. 2001 May;85(1):33-42.
Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
- Cusi K, Cukier S, DeFronzo RA, Torres M, Puchulu FM, Redondo JC.
  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1410-7.
Effect of long-term treatment with vanadate in drinking water on KK mice with genetic non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
- Ding W, Hasegawa T, Hosaka H, Peng D, Takahashi K, Seko Y.
  Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 May;80(2):159-74.
Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies.
- Goldfine AB, Patti ME, Zuberi L, Goldstein BJ, LeBlanc R, Landaker EJ, Jiang ZY, Willsky GR, Kahn CR.
  Metabolism. 2000 Mar;49(3):400-10.
Vanadium and diabetes.
- Poucheret P, Verma S, Grynpas MD, McNeill JH.
  Mol Cell Biochem. 1998

Chromium:

Overproduction of insulin in the chromium-deficient rat.
- Striffler JS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA.
  Metabolism. 1999 Aug;48(8):1063-8.
Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes.
- Anderson RA.
  Diabetes Metab. 2000 Feb;26(1):22-7.
Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans.
- Anderson RA., Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans.
  Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;26(1 Pt 2):S35-41.
- Mertz W., Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J Nutr. 1993 Apr;123(4):626-33.

Magnesium:

Magnesium in diabetes mellitus.
- de Valk HW.
  Neth J Med. 1999 Apr;54(4):139-46.
Low dietary magnesium is associated with Insulin Resistance in a sample of young, nondiabetic Black Americans.
- Humphries S, Kushner H, Falkner B.
  Am J Hypertens. 1999 Aug;12(8 Pt 1):747-56.
Effects of insulin on plasma magnesium in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for Insulin Resistance.
- Alzaid AA, Dinneen SF, Moyer TP, Rizza RA.
  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Apr;80(4):1376-81.

Alpha lipoic acid:

Alph Lipoic acid acutely induces hypoglycemia in fasting nondiabetic and diabetic rats.
- Khamaisi M, Rudich A, Potashnik R, Tritschler HJ, Gutman A, Bashan N.
  Metabolism.1999 Apr;48(4):504-10.
Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
- Yaworsky K, Somwar R, Ramlal T, Tritschler HJ, Klip A.
  Diabetologia.2000 Mar;43(3):294-303.
Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials.
- Ziegler D, Reljanovic M, Mehnert H, Gries FA.
  ExpClin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1999;107(7):421-30.
Alpha-lipoic acid: effect on glucose uptake, sorbitol pathway, and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy.
- Kishi Y, Schmelzer JD, Yao JK, Zollman PJ, Nickander KK, Tritschler HJ, LowPA.
  Diabetes.1999 Oct;48(10):2045-51.
Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Evans JL, Goldfine ID.
  Diabetes Techno There. 2000Autumn;2(3):401-13.

Biotin:

cGMP may have trophic effects on beta cell function comparable to those of cAMP, implying a role for high-dose biotin in prevention/treatment of Diabetes.
- McCarty MF.
  Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(2):323-8. Epub 2005 Nov 23.
High-dose biotin, an inducer of glucokinase expression, may synergize with chromium picolinate to enable a definitive nutritional therapy for type II diabetes.
- McCarty MF.
  Med Hypotheses. 1999 May;52(5):401-6.

Garlic (Allium sativum):

The analysis of onion and garlic.
- Lanzotti V.
  J Chromatogr A. 2006 Apr 21;1112(1-2):3-22. Epub 2006 Jan 18
Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.).
- Augusti, KT.
  Indian J Exp Biol. 1996 Jul;34(7):634-40.
Antiglycation properties of aged garlic extract: possible role in prevention of diabetic complications.
- Ahmad MS, Ahmed N.
  J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):796S-799S. PMID: 16484566

Cardiovascular benefits:

Researcher sitting in front of a laptop, holding a pen and thinking.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease.
- Kendler BS.
  Prev Med. 1987 Sep;16(5):670-85
Aged garlic extract retards progression of coronary artery calcification.
- Budoff M.
  J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):741S-744S
Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review.
- Banerjee SK, Maulik SK.
  Nutr J. 2002 Nov 19;1:4.
Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance.
- Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M.
  Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000 Feb;62(2):55-73.
Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Ashraf R, Aamir K, Shaikh AR, Ahmed T.
  J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2005 Jul-Sep;17(3):60-4.

Cinnamon:

Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.
- Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA.
  Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3215-8.
Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA, serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2.
- Mang. B.
  Eur J Clin Invest 2006 May;36(5):340-4.
Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamon cassia and Cinnamon zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro.
- Bauer K, Neddermann, E.
  Phytother Res. 2005 Mar;19(3):203-6
Nutraceutical resources for diabetes prevention--an update.
- McCarty MF.
  Med Hypotheses, 2005 64 (1): 151-8.
Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.
- Khan, A, Safdar, M., Ali Khan, MM, Anderson RA.
  Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3215-8.
Antioxidant activity of Cinnamon cassia.
- Lin CC, Wu SJ, Chang CH, Ng LT
  Phytother Res. 2003 Aug;17(7):726-30
Cinnamon extract prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet.
- Qin B, Nagasaki M, Ren M, Bajotto G, Oshida Y, Sato Y.
  Horm Metab Res. 2004 Feb;36(2):119-25. PMID: 15002064

Zinc:

The pharmacology of the insulinomimetic effect of zinc complexes.
- Sakurai H, Adachi Y.
  Biometals. 2005 Aug;18(4):319-23.
Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes.
- Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS.
  Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1277-94.

Carnitine

Acetyl-L-Carnitine improves symptoms of diabetic neuropathy in Diabetics:

Test tubes in a rack.

L-acetylcarnitine as a new therapeutic approach for peripheral neuropathies with pain.
- Onofrj M, Fulgente T, Melchionda D, Marchionni A, Tomasello F, Salpietro FM, Alafaci C, De Sanctis E, Pennisi G, Bella R, et al.
  Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1995;15(1):9-15.
Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
- De Grandis D, Minardi C.
  Drugs R D. 2002;3(4):223-31.
Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials.
- Sima AA, Calvani M, Mehra M, Amato A; Acetyl-L-Carnitine Study Group.
  Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28(1):89-94.
Primary preventive and secondary interventionary effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on diabetic neuropathy in the bio-breeding Worcester rat.
- Sima AA, Ristic H, Merry A, Kamijo M, Lattimer SA, Stevens MJ, Greene DA.
  J Clin Invest. 1996 Apr 15;97(8):1900-7.

Manganese:

Nutritional aspects of manganese from experimental studies.
- Keen CL, Ensunsa JL, Watson MH, Baly DL, Donovan SM, Monaco MH, Clegg MS.
  Neurotoxicology. 1999 Apr-Jun;20(2-3):213-23.
Effect of manganese deficiency on insulin binding, glucose transport and metabolism in rat adipocytes.
- Baly DL, Schneiderman JS, Garcia-Welsh AL.
  J Nutr. 1990 Sep;120(9):1075-9.

VasoDileX
L-Arginine

Reduces Hypertension:

Blood pressure and metabolic changes during dietary L-arginine supplementation in humans.
- Siani A, Pagano E, Iacone R, Iacoviello L, Scopacasa F, Strazzullo P.
  Am J Hypertens. 2000 May;13(5 Pt 1):547-51.
L-Arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature is not altered in hypertensive patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
- Christian Delles, MD, Markus P. Schneider, MD, Sebastian Oehmer, MD, Erwin H. Fleischmann, MD and Roland E. Schmieder, MD
  Diabetes Care 26:1836-1840, 2003
Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Oral L-arginine improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension.
- Lekakis JP, Papathanassiou S, Papaioannou TG, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos N, Kotsis V, Dagre AG, Stamatelopoulos K, Protogerou A, Stamatelopoulos SF.
  Int J Cardiol. 2002 Dec;86(2-3):317-23
Increased endothelium--monocyte interactions in salt-sensitive hypertension: effect of L-arginine.
- Artigues C, Richard V, Roussel C, Lallemand F, Henry JP, Thuillez C.
  J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;35(3):468-73.
l-Arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis: An alternative treatment for premature atherosclerosis?
- Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C.
  Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 20;
L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans.
- Creager MA, Gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, Coleman SM, Dzau VJ, Cooke JP.
  J Clin Invest. 1992 Oct;90(4):1248-53.

Improves Nitric Oxide in endothelium:

Mechanisms of dysfunction of the nitric oxide pathway in vascular diseases.
- Maxwell AJ.
  Nitric Oxide. 2002 Mar;6(2):101-24. Review.
Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Oral L-arginine and vitamins E and C improve endothelial function in women with type 2 diabetes.
- Regensteiner JG, Popylisen S, Bauer TA, Lindenfeld J, Gill E, Smith S, Oliver-Pickett CK, Reusch JE, Weil JV.
  Vasc Med. 2003;8(3):169-75.
L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans.
- Creager MA, Gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, Coleman SM, Dzau VJ, Cooke JP.
  J Clin Invest. 1992 Oct;90(4):1248-53.
Oral L-arginine improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension.
- Lekakis JP, Papathanassiou S, Papaioannou TG, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos N, Kotsis V, Dagre AG, Stamatelopoulos K, Protogerou A, Stamatelopoulos SF.
  36-36 Int J Cardiol. 2002 Dec;86(2-3):317-23
l-Arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis: An alternative treatment for premature atherosclerosis?
- Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C.
  Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jul 20;

Lowers homocysteine:

Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is reversed by a nutritional product designed to enhance nitric oxide activity.
- Maxwell AJ, Anderson B, Zapien MP, Cooke JP.
  Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2000 Jun;14(3):309-16.
Acute hyperhomocysteinemia decreases NO bioavailability in healthy adults.
- Boger RH.
  Atherosclerosis. 2005 Apr;179(2):419-20.
Oral L-arginine and vitamins E and C improve endothelial function in women with type 2 diabetes.
- Regensteiner JG, Popylisen S, Bauer TA, Lindenfeld J, Gill E, Smith S, Oliver-Pickett CK, Reusch JE, Weil JV.
  Vasc Med. 2003;8(3):169-75.

Improves Erectile dysfunction/ vaginal engorgement:

Effect of large doses of the nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine, on erectile dysfunction.
- Zorgniotti AW, Lizza EF.
  Int J Impot Res. 1994 Mar;6(1):33-5; discussion 36.
L-Arginine improves vascular function by overcoming deleterious effects of ADMA, a novel cardiovascular risk factor.
- Boger RH, Ron ES.
  Altern Med Rev. 2005 Mar;10(1):14-23. Review.
Acute hyperhomocysteinemia decreases NO bioavailability in healthy adults.
- Boger RH.
  Atherosclerosis. 2005 Apr;179(2):419-20.
The pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction related to endothelial dysfunction and mediators of vascular function.
- Maas R, Schwedhelm E, Albsmeier J, Boger RH.
  Vasc Med. 2002 Aug;7(3):213-25. Review.
Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation.
- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM.
  Atherosclerosis. 2002 May;162(1):1-15. Review.
Oral L-arginine improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension.
- Lekakis JP, Papathanassiou S, Papaioannou TG, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos N, Kotsis V, Dagre AG, Stamatelopoulos K, Protogerou A, Stamatelopoulos SF.
  Int J Cardiol. 2002 Dec;86(2-3):317-23.
Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improves the symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
- Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Thiele W, Creutzig A, Alexander K, Frolich JC.
  J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Nov;32(5):1336-44.

Banaba Leaf

Effect of corosolic acid on dietary hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis in KK-Ay diabetic mice.
- Takagi S, Miura T, Ishihara E, Ishida T, Chinzei Y.
  Biomed Res. 2010;31(4):213-8.
Triterpene acids isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
- Hou W, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wei X, Peng A, Chen L, Wei Y.
  Phytother Res. 2009 May;23(5):614-8.
Effect of corosolic acid on the hydrolysis of disaccharides.
- Takagi S, Miura T, Ishibashi C, Kawata T, Ishihara E, Gu Y, Ishida T.
  J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Jun;54(3):266-8.
Antidiabetic effects of corosolic acid in KK-Ay diabetic mice.
- Miura T, Ueda N, Yamada K, Fukushima M, Ishida T, Kaneko T, Matsuyama F, Seino Y.
  Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Mar;29(3):585-7.
Effect of corosolic acid on postchallenge plasma glucose levels.
- Fukushima M, Matsuyama F, Ueda N, Egawa K, Takemoto J, Kajimoto Y, Yonaha N, Miura T, Kaneko T, Nishi Y, Mitsui R, Fujita Y, Yamada Y, Seino Y.
  Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006 Aug;73(2):174-7. Epub 2006 Mar 23.
Effects of dietary mulberry, Korean red ginseng, and banaba on glucose homeostasis in relation to PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and LPL mRNA expressions.
- Park MY, Lee KS, Sung MK.
  Life Sci. 2005 Nov 12;77(26):3344-54. Epub 2005 Jun 23.
Antidiabetic activity of a standardized extract (Glucosol) from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves in Type II diabetics. A dose-dependence study.
- Judy WV, Hari SP, Stogsdill WW, Judy JS, Naguib YM, Passwater R.
  J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jul;87(1):115-7.
An extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. has insulin-like glucose uptake-stimulatory and adipocyte differentiation-inhibitory activities in 3T3-L1 cells.
- Liu F, Kim J, Li Y, Liu X, Li J, Chen X.
  J Nutr. 2001 Sep;131(9):2242-7.
Antiobesity activity of extracts from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves on female KK-Ay mice.
- Suzuki Y, Unno T, Ushitani M, Hayashi K, Kakuda T.
  J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 Dec;45(6):791-5.
Hypoglycemic effect of extracts from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves in genetically diabetic KK-AY mice.
- Kakuda T, Sakane I, Takihara T, Ozaki Y, Takeuchi H, Kuroyanagi M.
  Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996 Feb;60(2):204-8.

FOOD ADDICTION

New Food-Addiction Link Found
- Nora Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang.
  J Brookhaven National Laboratory, May 20, 2002.

DIABETES & NUTRITION

A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity.
- Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams T, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Stern L. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2074-81.

Comparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight women.
- Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, DiPasquale C, Roti M, Pumerantz A, Kraemer WJ. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Apr;23(2):177-84.

Very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight men.
- Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. J Nutr. 2004 Apr;134(4):880-5

What do herbalists suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and potential risks.
- Cicero AF, Derosa G, Gaddi A. Acta Diabetol. 2004 Sep;41(3):91-8.

A low-carbohydrate diet may prevent end-stage renal failure in type 2 diabetes. A case report.
- Jorgen Vesti Nielsen, Per Westerlund, Per Bygren Nutrition & Metabolism 2006, 3:23

Low-carbohydrate diet and oxidative stress in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.
- Kamuren ZT, Sanders R, Watkins JB 3rd. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(5):259-69.

A low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes: clinical experience-a brief report.
- Nielson JV, Jonsson E, Ivarrson A. Ups J Med Sci. 2005;110(3):267-73.

Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycaemic control during 22 months follow-up.
- Nielsen JV, Joensson EA. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jun 14;3(1):22 [Epub ahead of print]

The metabolic response to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. Metabolism. 2006 Feb;55(2):243-51.

Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.
- Rizkalla SW, Taghrid L, Laromiguiere M, Huet D, Boillot J, Rigoir A, Elgrably F, Slama G. Diabetes Care. 2004 Aug;27(8):1866-72

Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):403-11. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):I44.

Comparison of effects of high and low carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in patients with mild NIDDM.
- Garg A, Grundy SM, Unger RH. Diabetes. 1992 Oct;41(10):1278-85.

Effect of carbohydrate restriction on lipoprotein abnormalities in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.
- Thomson JE, Scobie IN, Ballantyne F, Smith A, Manderson WG, MacCuish AC. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1980 Jan-Mar;17(1):33-9.

Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee.
- American Heart Association Nutrition Committee Circulation. 2006 Jul 4;114(1):82-96. Epub 2006 Jun 19.

Nutritional aspects of hypertension.
- Paillard F. Presse Med. 2006 Jun;35(6 Pt 2):1077-80, PMID: 16783276.

Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
- Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Cook JV, Williams B, Ford GA. J Hypertens. 2006 Feb;24(2):215-33, PMID: 16508562.

Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. Nutritional determinants of insulin resistance.
- McKauley K, Mann J. J Lipid Res. 2006 Aug;47(8):1668-76. Epub 2006 May 23, PMID: 16720893.

Fast food, central nervous system insulin resistance, and obesity.
- sganaitis E, Lustig RH., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Dec;25(12):2451-62. Epub 2005 Sep 15, PMID: 16166564.

DIABETES & EXERCISE

Exercise therapy for the aged diabetics.
- Oshida Y, Ishiguro T. Nippon Rinsho. 2006 Jan;64(1):81-6.

Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity.
- Goodyear LJ, Kahn BB. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:235-61.

Regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle.
- Barnard RJ, Youngren JF. FASEB J. 1992 Nov;6(14):3238-44.

Accuracy of physical working capacity 170 to estimate aerobic fitness in prepubertal diabetic boys and in 2 insulin dose conditions.
- Heyman E, Briard D, Dekerdanet M, Gratas-Delamarche A, Delamarche P J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006 Jun;46(2):315-21.

Exercise training improves baroreflex sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
- Loimaala A, Huikuri HV, Koobi T, Rinne M, Nenonen A, Vuori I. Diabetes. 2003 Jul;52(7):1837-42.

Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Boule NG, Kenny GP, Haddad E, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Diabetologia. 2003 Aug;46(8):1071-81. Epub 2003 Jul 10.

Effect of a 4 week physical training program on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance.
- Oberbach A, Tonjes A, Kloting N, Fasshauer M, Kratzsch J, Busse MW, Paschke R, Stumvoll M, Bluher M. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Apr;154(4):577-85.

A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes.
- Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, Gordon PL, Walsmith J, Foldvari M, Roubenoff R, Tucker KL, Nelson ME. Diabetes Care. 2002 Dec;25(12):2335-41.

Impact of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in IDDM.
- Lehmann R, Kaplan V, Bingisser R, Bloch KE, Spinas GA. Diabetes Care. 1997 Oct;20(10):1603-11.

High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1729-36.

Effects of regular walking on cardiovascular risk factors and body composition in normoglycemic women and women with type 2 diabetes.
- Walker KZ, Piers LS, Putt RS, Jones JA, O'Dea K. Diabetes Care. 1999 Apr;22(4):555-61.

Loss of abdominal fat and improvement of the cardiovascular risk profile by regular moderate exercise training in patients with NIDDM.
- Lehmann R, Vokac A, Niedermann K, Agosti K, Spinas GA. Diabetologia. 1995 Nov;38(11):1313-9.

The Healing Handbook for Persons with Diabetes
- Ruth E. Lundstrom, R.N. and Aldo A. Rossini, M.D. Copyright 1995-1997

Understanding Diabetes
- H. Peter Chase, M.D. McKesson Provider Technologies Copyright 2005

The effect of physical exercise on the dynamics of glucose and insulin.
- Derouich M, Boutayeb A. J Biomech. 2002 Jul;35(7):911-7.

Exercise in the Management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- Wallberg-Henriksson H, Rincon J, Zierath JR. Sports Med. 1998 Jan;25(1):25-35.

The effects of changes in physical activity on major cardiovascular risk factors, hemodynamics, sympathetic function, and glucose utilization in man: a controlled study of 4 levels of activity.
- Jennings G, Nelson L, Nestel P, Esler M, Korner P, Burton D, Bazelmans J Circulation. 1986 Jan;73(1):30-40.

Physical activity in prevention and management of obesity and type-2 diabetes.
- Hill JO, Stuht J, Wyatt HR, Regensteiner JG. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2006:11:183-96.

Physical activity in individuals at risk for diabetes: Diabetes Prevention Program.
- Kriska AM, Edelstein SL, Hamman RF, Otto A, Bray GA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wing RR, Horton ES, Haffner SM, Regensteiner JG. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 May;38(5):826-32.

Achieving weight and activity goals among diabetes prevention program lifestyle participants.
- Wing RR, Hamman RF, Bray GA, Delahanty L, Edelstein SL, Hill JO, Horton ES, Hoskin MA, Kriska A, Lachin J, Mayer-Davis EJ, Pi-Sunyer X, Regensteiner JG, Venditti B, Wylie-Rosett J; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Obes Res. 2004 Sep;12(9):1426-34.

Exercise rehabilitation for the patient with intermittent claudication: a highly effective yet underutilized treatment.
- Regensteiner JG. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord. 2004 Sep;4(3):233-9. Review.

Twelve Agencies Cooperate to Reduce Amputations in Diabetes.
- United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Important Note: We advise that you consult your doctor before starting the Insulite Diabetes Advanced Management System.

"I have been using the Insulite System for about 6 months. I have noticed that my eating habits seem to have transitioned very naturally.... no starvation or denial, I don't crave junk food or sweets anymore!! I have been able to lose about 20 pounds, slowly, safely, and permanently. This is a "for life" program and everyone that has a weight problem should try it!!"
-	Kat Healy
	Jamestown, VA

"Although I have never met any of your staff I feel that I get more positive response from you all than my doctors for the last five years. I'm just so grateful for your organization. You have given me so much hope and something to look forward to. I feel as if I'm dealing with professionals who care about what happens to their patient."
-	Daniella McKnight
	England

Insulite Diabetes Advanced Management System

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"I cannot believe the difference the Insulite System has made in how I feel. My appetite has changed tremendously. I do not crave carbs and sugar and my appetite is somewhat diminished."
-	PR
	Bakersfield, CA

"I feel that the Insulite System has been helpful in pushing my daughter so much closer to normal. I've also seen less bottoming-out energy wise and more stable mood….."
-	A.E.
	Warren, NJ

"I think your site has the most helpful information of any of the diabetes-related sites. The information is very intriguing."
-	Dr. MJ Lewis
	Ewa Beach, HI

"I have been using the Insulite System for about 6 months. I have noticed that my eating habits seem to have transitioned very naturally.... no starvation or denial, I don't crave junk food or sweets anymore!! I have been able to lose about 20 pounds, slowly, safely, and permanently. This is a "for life" program..."
-	Kat Healy
	Jamestown, VA

"I have been on the Insulite System for approx 3 months. I have lost 33 lbs, my liver functions are normal and my A1C came back at 5.1, down from 8.03 months ago. I was taking 10 Glucovance pills daily, now I take only 2 pills in the AM. My blood sugar is normal, my energy is higher than it has been in years and I feel great. Insulite along with a change in my diet has changed my life. I tell everyone that asks me what I have done to change my life, about the Insulite program. Your product is fantastic. I have cut out all sweets, flour, dairy and have no cravings."
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	Santa Ana, CA

"In less than 3 weeks I've started losing weight again after being "stuck" on Weight Watchers for about a year. I've lost about 4 lbs since starting Insulite but more significantly my blood pressure is well within normal limits now and I can tell my metabolism is better. I am not getting that slump between meals and am able to control between-meal snacking, and I have a lot of energy throughout the day rather than periods where I need to nap. I just ordered the 6 months supply. Thank you!"
-	Teresa Ruth
	Boise, Idaho

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